Apology

I want to apology for not updating the blog for a while.  Recently, my brother passed away from a drunk driving accident.  I've been mentally, emotionally, and physically exhausted.  And now, I am embroiled in a lot of legal paperwork.  So forgive for neglecting the blog.  Right now, it's just not something I'm thinking about.  I promise I'll return, just not right now.

True North

Even if you don't have Scandinavian roots, they are everywhere. My husband just got his DNA results back and surprisingly he has 10% Scandinavian roots. 

The first Scandinavian immigrants to North America came in Viking ships, captained by Leif Ericson, 1,000+ years ago. But that early settlement of "Vinland" at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, failed to take. The seafaring Scandinavians abandoned the New World and didn't return for more than 600 years, giving an Italian latecomer named Columbus the chance to hog the credit for their discovery. 

Today almost 11 million Americans trace their ancestry to Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland or Iceland, making Scandinavians collectively the fifth-largest European heritage group.  A greater percentage of the population of Norway and Sweden emigrated to the United States than that of any country besides Great Britain. 

From Chicago to Seattle, through Minneapolis and the Great Plains, Scandinavians laid the rails and broke the sod in America.  Among the many who helped shape their new country:  Charles Lindbergh, Victor Borge, Knute Rockne, Eric Sevareid, Greta Garbo, Chief Justice Earl Warren, Carl Sandburg, Walter Mondale...and even the first "president of the United States" (under the pre-Constitution Articles of Confederation), a Swede named John Hanson. 

Leif Ericson's crew aside, the first Scandinavian immigrants to America were Swedes (and some Finns) who established a colony in Delaware in 1638, not long after the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth Rock; "New Sweden" was lost to the Dutch in 1655, however. Norwegians began emigrating in 1825.  

But chances are that your Scandinavian ancestors came to America in one of the great waves of immigration from roughly the 1840s to the 1920s. Governments encouraged emigration, and the United States was depicted as a land of milk and honey. 

Pushed by subsequent crop failures and pulled by the Gold Rush of 1849 and the Homestead Act of 1862, the trickle of Scandinavians to America became a flood. Jobs laying railroads across the growing nation also beckoned. 

Today, the number of Americans of Norwegian descent almost equals the population of Norway. 

Peak periods for US immigration varied by country:

     Sweden, 1850-1920

     Norway, 1836-1920

     Denmark, 1870-1905

     Finland, 1899-1914

     Iceland, 1874-1914

For centuries throughout Scandinavia it was common to take your last from your father's  first name ("patronymic" naming): If your father's first name was Magnus, in Sweden your last name would be Magnusson (or Magnusdotter, for Magnus' daughter, if you were female).  Families in Norway and Denmark also took the father's name for the surname, adding -sen or -datter. The permanent surname, passed on from one generation to the next, that we take for granted didn't become official until 1901 in Sweden and 1923 in Norway, and patronymics persist in Iceland. 

Other names came from the land. Norwegians often used a second last name, which might change depending on the farm they were working: Your ancestor might be Olav Petersen Dal while he was on the Dal farm, but Olav Petersen Li after he moved to Li. 

Still other names were changed in the military and may or may not have been changed back. 

Changing your name in America was common. The Danish Johansen, Jorgensen and Jensen families might all have become Johnsons. 

For those of you with Scandinavian roots, good luck with your research. With all the name changing, your work is cut out for you. 

Picture Puzzles

Most of us have mysterious old photographs in our own collections.  They may have been given to you because of your interest in family history or because the executor of an estate didn't want to throw them away.  Maybe some photos have a first name but not a date, or there's partial information passed on from family lore.  But most such images haunt us with their lack of identifying information.

By consulting city directories you can establish when a photographer was in business (note the imprint at the bottom).  This is a picture of my grandfather as a baby around 1887.

Women had short, frizzed bangs, popular around 1890.  Dress with tight sleeves and high, puffed shoulders was in style only briefly.

Man's basic black sack suit and buttoned vest suggest early 1890s. This is a photo of my biological great grandparents in their wedding photo.

The earliest type of photographic image, the daguerreotype, was on a shiny metal surface.  It actually needs to be held at a particular angle in order to see the image.  It was used for a relatively brief 20-year period.  But another type of metal image, the tintype, was introduced in 1856 and remained popular until the early 20th century.

The presence of a photographer's name, also known as an imprint, can be a shortcut to deciding on a time frame.  In the 19th and early 20th century,  photographers could order cards preprinted with their name and address on either the front or the back.  They would then mount photographs on the cards.  The resulting combination provided a sturdy support for the image and advertising for the photographer.

One of the most important details in the dating process involves clothing.  Clothing elements become key to narrowing down the date.  In general, fashion changes are most notable in the accessories of a woman's costume such as hats, hairstyle and jewelry.

Photographers generally used similar props in their images.  By grouping photographs together that have similar internal details you may discover that you have a number of images taken by the same photographer around the same time.

The intimacy in the way a young couple is seated together may suggest they are sitting for either an engagement photograph or, more likely, a wedding portrait.  In a group portrait, the central figure may be the oldest member of the family or the most successful.  Photographers carefully positioned individuals within a picture and included props that suggested a context.

If you have any old photos, I would love for you to send them to me.  I have a photo of my grandfather's brother.  I'm just not sure which brother it is, possibly Will.  If you know, please leave a comment.

Hunting for Hidden Roots

This entry is mostly aimed at myself.  It is about my being adopted.  I was always told that I was adopted since I was old enough to understand, about 4 years old.  I grew up having a very happy childhood.  I always wondered who my biological family was, who did I look like, what was the circumstances that led to my being given up for adoption.  I also knew I would never search for my biological family until my adoptive parents had passed away.  I was very close to them and felt it would be a slap in the face to them if I did.  They never made me feel that I shouldn't do it, in fact, they encouraged me to but I felt it was an act of betrayal towards them.

Most states that have "closed" adoptions will not release identifying information.  I had written to the state of Oregon's vital records department to get the "non-identifying" information.  I wanted to know my medical history in case I had a genetic problem and could pass it on to my child.  I received a letter back with little information, so I thought.  It basically said I had no medical problems.  The information was a letdown.  I thought I would receive more information.

When I became a flight attendant, I left my parents in San Diego and moved to the Detroit area.  My mom passed away in 1995.  My dad passed away several years later in 1999.  A few months after my dad passed, I came home from a trip and turned on CNN Headline News.  They were talking about a new law that had just passed in Oregon opening up adoption records to persons over the age of 21.  The next day, I contacted the state of Oregon to put my name on the list to get my original birth certificate.  For the next six months, the state of Oregon debated whether this new law was constitutional.  Finally, they decided the law would stand.

It was June 2000 when I received an envelope in the mail.  I looked at the return address and saw that it was from the state of Oregon.  I became very emotional.  I showed it to my boyfriend, now my husband. He told me to open it.  I said I didn't know if I could.  He told me he would if I couldn't.  I opened the envelope and saw my birth mother's name and started to cry uncontrollably for what seems like five minutes.  I had finally found out my biological roots.

After three days of absorbing what I had received, I got on the Internet and did a surname search in the area I was born for anyone still living there with that surname.  I found six names.  I proceeded to go down the list, calling each one for information.  The last one I called belonged to my biological mother's sister-in-law.  I gave her my name and number and she said she would pass it along to my biological mother. When I returned from my trip, I checked my voicemails and there was a message from my biological mother.  She sounded just like me!  I returned her call and we spoke for two hours.  I found that I was genetically English.  I had always felt that I was English and French.

I am among the 5 million adopted people in the United States today, many of us searching for our roots.  While most genealogy is like an archeologist unearthing layer after layer of history, adoptees are unpuzzling more contemporary mysteries--like where we got our brown eyes or why our big toe is shorter than our second toe.  For most adoptees, just the ethnic identification helps our sense of self.  The real reason people search is to solve the dual identity we've lived with so long.  We may feel like an alien or an outsider, and searching for our birth family grounds us.  I personally never felt that way but it did fill a hole in my life.  It completed my broken circle when I could put factual information into place.

Some 60 percent of adoptees will successfully search for their birth family information.  It turns out the letter I received with non-identifying information, actually did have identifying information.  In the subject line it accidentally identified me as Baby Girl Esgate.  Obviously, I was so excited to read the body of the letter that I totally blew by the subject line.  If I had been paying attention, I would have had the last name several years earlier.

When I had received the letter, I proceeded to register with the state of Oregon's Adoption Registry.  By being in the registry, my biological parents would be given my information to contact me if they also registered.

I know I lucked out twice.  I was raised in a loving family and found my other family for the next 40 years.  There aren't too many people who can say that.

Seeking English

Even if our ancestors didn't come over on the Mayflower, there's still a bit of merry old England in our heritage.  We're not alone, millions of Americans have English roots.  Unlike many ethnic heritages, we don't have to struggle with records in foreign languages.  Some people start looking for famous ancestors or, especially hoping to find royal lines.  Our ancestors did something extraordinary; They left their homes, possessions, families, friends and homeland forever to try to find a better life.

Most immigrants left England for economic reasons.  A few immigrants left for religious reasons, such as the Pilgrims in 1620 and the Puritans who came to New England from 1629-1640.  Some did not come by choice; for example, English prisons were cleared and convicts shipped to the American colonies.  Some women and children were even kidnapped from the countryside or from the streets of cities such as London to provide labor in the colonies.

Even after the Revolutionary War, English immigrants kept coming to the former colonies in search of freedom and opportunity.  English immigrants were the third-largest group of US newcomers, behind only Germans and Irish,  in the 1830-1860 censuses, and surpassed the Irish in the 1870 and 1880 counts.

No matter when or where they arrived, whether they came to the wilderness or to a large city already settled with people from their homeland, our ancestors were pioneers.  They all had incredible stories to tell.

Even the term "England" can be confusing.  In 1536, King Henry VIII united England and Wales under the same system of laws and government.  In 1707, Great Britain was formed when the Parliaments of the Kingdom of England and Wales and of the Kingdom of Scotland passed the Act of Union.  In 1801, Ireland was united politically with Great Britain to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.  In 1921, most of Ireland separated from the United Kingdom.  So today, Great Britain refers to England, Wales and Scotland, while United Kingdom refers to all of the above plus Northern Ireland.

Here are a few of the photos I've taken when I had layovers in London.